It is considered one of the three main phytophagous parasites of the olive tree olea europaea, together with the olive fruit fly bactrocera oleae and the olive moth prays oleae. Mature adult female dark brown to blackish brown, nearly round to oval, very convex with hshaped ridges. Olive is an ancient ubiquitous crop of considerable socioeconomic importance, being a major agroecosystem in the mediterranean basin. Voltinism also differs among host plant species or cultivars. Stouthamer department of entomology, university of. Damping of extreme oscillations in natural enemy and host densities. Olive trees important economically attack by many harmful pests.
Also, herbicides are commonly used against weeds, and there is a risk that these pesticides contaminate the quality of the olive oil 4,15. Host information from iran and distributional data are also provided. Saissetia oleae, dynamics, olive, region, generation 1. An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of hungary hemiptera, coccoidea 51 the scales were mounted on microscope slides following the method described by kosztarab and kozar 1988. Garland, managing editor januaryfebruary 2003 wayne n. An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of hungary hemiptera, coccoidea 53 taxon comment lecanopsis formicarum newstead, 1893 previously recorded as l. Management of pest populations by manipulating densities of both hosts and parasites through periodic releases. Pdf is ground cover vegetation an effective biological.
Black scale, saissetia oleae, is a soft scale insect native to southern africa that is currently an agricultural and horticultural pest in southern europe, north america, south america, asia, australia, and new zealand. Insecticides are commonly applied to olive groves to control pests, such as dacus oleae, saissetia oleae and prays oleae, and to increase the number and size of olives and the subsequent yields 4,15. From 308 collections of black scaleinfested citrus, olive, and oleander twigs from 19 sites in southern california, 1,610 specimens were collected. Ceroplastes rusci on citrus in beni seuf, ceroplastes floridensis comstock on citrus. Presently, the cottony cushion scale is mainly a pest of ornamental plants such as pittosporum, acacia and. Botanical aspects of olive culture relevant to jacob 5. Lecanopsis subterranea gomez menor ortega, 1948 previously recorded as l. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. In north america, the insect is distributed in the southern and western united states as well as in mexico and central america. Although it is a common parasite which occurs most often in olive trees, it is a polyphagous species, also attacking but less. Moreover, there is growing concern over the use of synthetic pesticides for their control, due to deleterious environmental effects and the emergence of resistant populations. The knowledge about the nutritional suitability of nonprey food for adults in agroecosystems is crucial to establish conservation biological control strategies and is poorly known in olive groves, where c.
In stanislaus county, 19 applications of malathionbait spray were applied over a period of 7 months. Biocontrol characteristics of the fruit fly pupal parasitoid. About 953000 individuals of the cosmopolitan parasitoid, coccophagus scutellaris dalman hymenoptera. Coccomorpha are key pests of agricultural crops and ornamental plants worldwide.
An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of. The effect of malathionbait sprays, directed against mediterranean fruit fly ceratitis capitata wiedemann, on biological control of selected nontarget insects was investigated in northern california during 1982 and 1983. Other pests such as saissetia oleae olivier or bactrocera oleae gmelin, that are potentially serious insects for the olive culture, were not included in this study because their attack was very low for the. Effects of pollen, sugars and honeydew on lifespan and. Coccidae infesting the following economic crops in egypt. Effect of malathionbait sprays on biological control of.
May 17, 2017 the black scale, saissetia oleae, also presented high diversity with six haplotypes for coi and nine haplotypes of 28s. Insect symbiotic microorganisms taxonomical and functional diversity is high, and so is the potential of manipulation of these microbial partners in suppressing pest populations. Three genera and 7 species are first recorded from iran. Longevity for the longevity experiment, cylindrical cages of 21 cm height and 9 cm in diameter were used. Key scale insects that have long been considered as having high economic importance in tunisia and for which several research studies and pest management programs have been undertaken include the mealybug species planococcus ficus signoret and planococcus citri risso, the soft scale saissetia oleae olivier and the armoured scale parlatoria ziziphi lucas. Olive fly, bactrocera dacus oleae gemlin 45 black scale, saissetia oleae bern 45 olive psylla, euphyllura olivina costa 46 tingid bug, gryllodes sigillatus walk 46 olive kernel borer, prays oleae bern 46 other insects 46. Aphelinidae, were released and evaluated during 20092010 for the control of the following soft scale insects hemiptera. Proceedings ofthe hawaiian entomological society for 1973.
Coccidae are considered the main phytophagous insects present in olive groves with the potential to reach pest status ricalde et al. Daae personal communication, 1993 the greatest problem encountered with potato tubers for mass rearing in california are rots that cause the sprouts to become unsuitable for s. A classification of the different types of divergent male ontogeny in aphelinidae is proposed to replace the little known and cumbersome systems prev. Lecanopsis turcica bodenheimer, 1951 previously recorded as l. As discussed by tena 1, mediterranean black scale generally continues to be a. The wall was made from a colourless acetate sheet, a. Saissetia lecanium hemisphaerica targioni tozzetti. Coccidae and its parasites on olive trees in crete, greece. The olive tree allegory of jacob 5 offers a detailed metaphorical description of the dispersion and gathering of the house of israel.
Ecotoxicology of pesticides on natural enemies of olive. Along with the scale came a mess of argentine ant and sooty mold. Effect of chitosan and nanochitosan on saissetia oleae. A southern california survey of primary and secondary parasitoids on sassetia oleae found that parasitoid abundance varied by location, but that the same species. Cordia sebestena geiger tree saissetia oleae olivier, black scale. Using field data from 40 olive orchards, this study examined the mechanisms that regulate. Coccidae 3 biological control the primary method of black scale management is biological control. Recently a pest control advisor brought in a sample of what looked like black scale saissetia oleae on the stems of avocado fruit. Anand singh principal agricultural information officer. An autoparasitoid wasp, inferior at resource exploitation. A comparison between organic and conventional olive farming. General biology and current management approaches of soft. Th e high infestations led to the introduction of the australian coccinellid rodolia cardinalis, for biological control.
Caldwell, collier county extension agent, university of florida. The black scale, saissetia oleae, also presented high diversity with six haplotypes for coi and nine haplotypes of 28s. Chrysopidae larvae are generalist predators feeding on many crop pests while adults feed on nonprey food. Botanical aspects of olive culture relevant to jacob 5 book. A moderate infestation involving one of seven plants was found at a residence in naples collier county. A survey of black scalesaissetia oleae olivier parasitoids present in southern california was conducted between september 1987 and september 1989. A comparison between organic and conventional olive. Olive fly, bactrocera dacus oleae gemlin 45 black scale, saissetia oleae bern 45 olive psylla, euphyllura olivina costa 46 tingid bug, gryllodes sigillatus walk 46 olive kernel borer, prays oleae bern 46 other insects 46 diseases 46 olive nodes or tuberculosis, pseudomonas savastanoi smith 46. For the mediterranean region, three main olive pests have been recognized. The olive moth, prays oleae lepidoptera, yponomeutidae remains an abundant pest of.
Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. We live in unusual times and every year is different, so we are bound to see things that are different, or see things differently. In novemberit was evident that two of these species, 5. Voucher specimens, mainly in form of microscope slides, can be found in kozars collection in the plant protection institute at the centre for. Other scale insects, including cottony cushion scale, icerya purchasi, and several species of soft scales such as black scale, saissetia oleae, may also be found on roses. The relevance of symbiosis has been increasing in agriculture, in developing sustainable practices, including pest management. Here we present the findings from a longterm regional monitoring program conducted on four pest species bactrocera oleae, prays oleae, euphyllura olivina, saissetia oleae in 2,528 olive groves. There may be potential for the incorporation of this methodology into a mass rearing scheme for m. A survey of black scale, saissetia oleae hom coccidae. The applied importance of symbiosis has been gaining recognition. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license.
An annotated update of the scale insect checklist of hungary. We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. Classical biological control is a strategy commonly used for invasive pests and involves importation of the invasive pests natural enemies from the pests native region. Coccidae, the black scale, is one of the most important pests of olive in the mediterranean region and of citrus trees. Effect of noncrop vegetation types on conservation. The importance of the last two has decreased as a whole due to advances in olive pest management 3, but regional relevance persists.
Request pdf on jan 1, 2009, manuel gonzaleznunez and others published control biologico en olivo. Their populations are difficult to control, even with insecticides, due to their cryptic habits. Pesticide applications are still one of the most common control methods against the main olive grove pests and diseases. Chitosan csgpoly acrylic acid paa nanoparticles, which are well dispersed and. Good control of the carpophagous generation of prays oleae, as well as a minor presence of saissetia oleae, were also reported. Ceroplastes rusci on citrus in beni seuf, ceroplastes floridensis comstock on citrus in gharbiya, oleae oliv. Veeranjaneyulu university librarian angrau, rajendranagar, hyderabad. Exit holes in adult black scales, saissetia oleae olivier, indicating the presence of the parasites that aid in black scale control. Differences in abundance and trend patterns observed are likely related with differences in interacting factors which regulate andor condition pest populations, either ecological climate, biological control, plant physiology, food availability or. Fundamentally, alternate hosts reduce conditions of asynchrony between preferred hosts and their nonspecific parasites and predators.
Coccus oleae is a scale insect in the family coccidae. Saissetia coffeae walker, 1852 preferred common name. Taxonomic study and population variation of scale insects. The objective of this study is to decrease the amount of insecticide using nanomaterials. Uncovered variability in olive moth prays oleae questions.
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